The Rape of Lucretia - 1974 Words

The time is the sixth century, the place is Rome and the person is Lucretia, a woman who contributed to one of the biggest parts of Roman history: the creation of the Roman republic. The rape of the virtuous Lucretia by Sextus Tarquinius, the son of Tarquinius Superbus (an Etruscan king) was the final straw for the Roman people and pushed them to want to change from a monarchy to a republic. From the accounts of the rape of Lucretia from ancient historians like Livy, Cicero and Dionysius, it is clear that Lucretias rape not only spurred the roman people to want to get rid of the Etruscan King and his family, but also revealed the important role of virtue in women in roman society. There is no doubt that Lucretia, the wife of†¦show more content†¦Sextus saw what he desired and he took it, as his father had done and as Tullia always encouraged. The rape occurred a couple of days after Collatinus contest when Sextus went to Collatinus house, knowing he was not there, and was we lcomed as a guest by Lucretia. Later on, when it was nighttime and everyone was asleep, Sextus snuck into Lucretias room and tried to seduce her before he raped her. This was recorded by Livy who writes Sextus urged his love, begged her to submit...used every weapon that might conquer a womans heart(101) as well as by Dionysius who writes that Sextus told Lucretia if you will consent to gratify me, I will make you my wife, and with me you shall reign(65) After Lucretia rejects all his attempts to seduce her because she would rather die than be raped and lose her virtue, Sextus turns to manipulation and threatens her virtue by saying that after he kills her he will lay her body next to that of a dead slaves and tell people that he had caught her having impure relations with the slave. This would ruin her virtuous image and good reputation long after her death so Lucretia, who is more threatened by disgrace than by death, unwillingly submits herself to him. Through these accounts one can see that it is not clear whether Sextus was in love or merely in lust with Lucretia for he starts declaring his love for her, then tries to seduce her by telling her everything sheShow MoreRelatedMy Visit At The Art Institute Of Chicago1596 Words   |  7 PagesDuring my visit at the Art Institute of Chicago this quarter, a popular and interesting piece of artwork that spoke to me in ways that no other artwork did was the, â€Å"Tarquin and Lucretia† by Tintoretto or the artist known as Jacopo Robusti. Tintoretto is also known as the one of the most well-known Italian Renaissance artists and became interested in painting at a very young age. This specific piece of artwork was originally created by Tintoretto during 1578 through 1580 and is an oil painting onRead MoreDefining Virtue : Machiavelli s New Representation Of Lucrezia Vs. Lucretia1492 Words   |  6 PagesDefining Virtue: Machiavelli’s New Representation Of Lucrezia Vs. Lucretia Defining the true definition of virtue can be a debated subject. There are many different definitions that can be used to define virtue and many people can have their own opinions on the matter. We only have to consider definitions provided by academic scholars and those we believe possess virtue. Using St. Thomas Aquinas’ definition of virtue as Machiavelli’s intended definition of virtue in Mandragola will be used as theRead MoreShang Dynasty And The Roman Empire Primary Sources872 Words   |  4 Pagesare supported by the primary source, â€Å"The Rape of Lucretia.† Alternatively, certainties about the Shang Dynasty, in East Asian, utilizing religion and politics together to determine natural phenomenons in life are supported by the primary source, â€Å"Shang Oracle Bones.† Ultimately, primary sources give a pretty clear and reliable picture as to how society functioned during the time periods that are being studied. The primary source, â€Å"The Rape of Lucretia† written in 17 AD by Roman historian namedRead MoreComparison And Contrast Of Perpetua And Lucretia1187 Words   |  5 PagesComparison and Contrast of Perpetua and Lucretia By comparing the following primary sources, â€Å"The Martyrdom of Perpetua and Felicitas† and â€Å"The Rape of Lucretia,† historians can learn about the archetypes of Roman society. The former text, written in 202 or 203 CE, is a prison diary of a young martyr in Carthage. The protagonist, Perpetua, is arrested and sentenced to death because she refused to renounce her Christian faith. Despite having a newborn and hearing consistent outcry from her fatherRead MoreThe Woman s Body865 Words   |  4 Pagesexpression and clothes she is wearing, and the iconographic items in the painting reveal that she is Lucretia, the woman who was raped. According to the didactic, Lucretia was the wife of a Roman noble, and was raped by Sextus, the son of Tarquin, who was the king of Rome. Tarquin’s nephew, Brutus, led the rebellion against the king, which eventually led to his banishment. After she was raped, Lucretia told the incident to her brother and father – and p robably because of how guilty she felt – stabbedRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeares The Rape Of Lucrece1808 Words   |  8 PagesScholarly work on the perennial problem of rape has traditionally placed the blame of perpetuation on the flaws inherent in patriarchal systems. Some scholars have pointed to the constructed gender hierarchies of patriarchy as fertile grounds for rape to flourish (Pallotti 218). Shakespeare’s  The Rape of Lucrece  is often read this way, with an emphasis on how Tarquin’s construction of Lucrece’s femininity—as whole and inaccessible—is what motivates his rape (Quay 7). Other scholarship suggests thatRead MoreChristianity During The Roman Empire1526 Words   |  7 Pagesof Lucretia. This account also aids in explaining the origins of Rome as well as the establishing of the Republic of Rome. Lucretia was a noblewoman and was staying in her estate alone. One of her guests rapes her while her husband and father wer e still away. She ends up killing herself because she does not want anyone to question her honor. Lucretia did not want other women to use her story of rape to justify being unfaithful to their husbands, so she committed suicide. â€Å"Never shall Lucretia provideRead MoreAn Analysis Of The Of Women 1477 Words   |  6 Pagesthey were treated like property and not as if they were human beings. They were more like sex slaves, cleaners, punching bags and more. There are a number of female characters deep within his story that are shown and slightly underlooked. Slavery, rape and beatings took an emotional and physically toll on the women and fell prey to the coward masters. Therefore lowering their inner strength and made them weak. Douglass doesn’t talk about women very often and usually associates them with sufferingRead MoreThe Rape Of Lucrece By William Shakespeare1786 Words   |  8 Pages In Shakespeare’s â€Å"The Rape of Lucrece,† theoretical republicanism is predicated on the existence of and distinction  between two types of men: the slave and the free. Those freeborn men who qualify for the responsibility and privilege of participating in the public sphere, are then further dependent upon the existence of a domestic female sphere in order to exercise their political virtue. The intersection between these two vital tenets of Classical Republicanism, class and gender politics, becomesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Odyssey 984 Words   |  4 PagesMarcus Brutus, who was known as one of the leaders of the conspiracy to murder of Julius Caesar. Lucius revolted against the last King Lucius Tarquinius after discovering the rape of Lucretia, which was committed by the kingâ€⠄¢s son Sextus Tarquinius. Early sources on Lucius Junius are Shakespeare’s works The Rape of Lucretia and The Tragedie of Julius Caesar. Lucius Junius demonstrates his resolve for the republic as he sent his own sons to be executed. Similar to how Greek heroes played an important

Best Practices in Negotiations, Article Review - 2135 Words

Article Review 7.1: Best Practices in Negotiations Article Review HR595 Negotiation Skills Course Instructor: Wendy Chung April 14, 2010 Week 7 Submitted by Bob Figone What is the problem or issue that necessitates such an article be written? This article comes directly out of both textbooks (Chapter 12 in Essentials of Negotiation, page 256 and Article 7.1 in Negotiation – Readings, Exercises and Cases, page 485) we have used for this course. It is a summary of what we have learned about the field of negotiation. It reminds us that negotiation is intrinsic in our lives and confronts us many times each day. This article is a reflection by the author’s using a broad view of best practices for negotiators to†¦show more content†¦3. Identify and Work the BATNA Power in negotiations comes from available alternatives. The most likely alternative selected when an agreement cannot be reached is a party’s best alternative to a negotiated agreement (BATNA). First, negotiators need to be watchful of their own BATNA in order to maximize the outcomes. Improving a party’s BATNA improves the agreement. Second, a negotiator must determine the other party’s BATNA and compare it to the ir own. If a party’s BATNA is better, then the desired outcome potential is better. If there is not much difference between each party’s BATNA then there is less room to negotiate. Three things a Negotiator should do knowing the other party’s BATNA: ( Monitor it carefully to retain your advantage. ( Remind the other party of your advantage ( Carefully suggest that the other party may not have an advantage. 4. Be Willing to Walk Away The goal is not to necessarily reach an agreement but to achieve a valued outcome. Experienced negotiators know this and are always prepared to end any negotiation that produces an outcome worse than their BATNA and walk away point. Negotiator’s who focus on the goals and continue to compare their targets with the BATNA and walk away points reduces the possibility of aShow MoreRelatedBuying a House with Distributive Bargaining Skills1223 Words   |  5 PagesDistributive bargaining is a very important negotiation skill. Used as the core of the core of an negotiation, distributive bargaining is defined as, â€Å"a negotiation method in which two parties strive to divide a fixed pool of resources, often money, each party trying to maximize its share of the distribution† (Michael R. Carrell, 2008). Within the distributive bargaining process, the two parties involved have to negotiate over a set of assets in which one person looses and the other gains. ThisRead More Negotiations and Decision-making Essay examples1100 Words   |  5 Pageson decision-making. Likewise, the same can be stated regarding the search for information pertaining to negotiations and decision-making. For example, a Google search of the key words â€Å"negotiations/decision-making† garnered over ten million results! Reviewing a tenth of that information would take a great deal of time and energy, so this paper will narrow the scope and focus on four negotiation/decision-making types: zero-sum game, win-win, satisficing solutions and fixed pie. In addition, a briefRead MoreSocial And Natural Resource Issues765 Words   |  4 Pagesnatural resource issues. In the article, Global Green Pluralism, pluralistic values discussed that support my argument are comprised of the division of labor amongst governments and nongovernmental actors to govern the environment. Some of the values that play a key role in the overall support the creation of an effective environmental and/or natural resource policy to preserve the environment consist of actors/governance components, agenda setting, networks, negotiation, compliance, implementationRead MoreLeaving The Eu Case Study899 Words   |  4 Pagesentrepreneurship opportunities (Chalmers and Menon, 2016). When Theresa May triggered Article 50 in March, 2017; she ruled out any hope of the government the deadline for Brexit. She expressed that she is determined to make the March, 2019 deadline and has been locked in talks with the EU. However, the slow progress of these talks as led many small businesses and politicians alike to believe that the negotiations will not be completed in time (Sparrow, 2017). Many small businesses are calling forRead MoreHistory Of Adr And Conflict Management Essay1462 Words   |  6 Pages The following review of the literature discusses the history of ADR and conflict management. Additionally, this section discusses the four principal ADR processes Mediation, Arbitration, Negotiation and Conciliation as part of the conflict resolution mechanisms. The theoretical framework and guiding theories were explored. Finally, this chapter analyses the legislative framework in both at National and International arena. 2.1.1 Alternative Dispute Resolution ADR is a generic term that refers toRead MoreThe Force Within Hospital Walls Paper1494 Words   |  6 Pagesfollowed up by an expedient collection process. As a result of studying different levels of payer mix reimbursement, strategies have changed from the denial management type model to that of a prevention model (Lagasse, 2016). Key Areas of Review The key areas of review for timeliness and maximization of reimbursement, in descending order, are (a) at the starting gate, the accurate collection of demographic data to prevent claim rejections and delayed payments, (b) the confirmation of financial responsibilityRead Moreimplementing-strategies-in-extreme-negotiations4424 Words   |  18 PagesIdeas in Practice hbr.org HBR.ORG To read the full article, go to hbr.org/2010/11/extreme-negotiations/ar/1. Implementing Strategies in Extreme Negotiations A conversation with Jeff Weiss and Jonathan Hughes SPOTlighT On leadershIp lessOns frOM the MIlItary Spotlight hBr.Org ARTWORK Stacy Pearsall, Lead the Way March 9, 2007, Old Baqubah, Iraq Extreme Negotiations What U.S. soldiers in Afghanistan have learned about the art of managing high-risk, highstakes situationsRead MoreAdnvsbsn1072 Words   |  5 Pagesdevelopment, prepares the new nurse for a broader scope of practice, and provides the nurse with a better understanding of the cultural, political, economic, and social issues that affect patients and influence health care delivery. You need an intext citation. Review APA for format That being said there is a huge difference in the preparation of a BSN nurse than that of just an ADN nurse. According to nursing world , Baccalaureate nursing practice incorporates the roles of assessing, critical thinkingRead MoreUsing The Walden University Database766 Words   |  4 Pageswith the Walden database their sources are more trustworthy. The articles chosen dictate the problem with organizational stress, how to cope with the stress, and how to reduce stress by understanding the new environment today’s leaders face. Sources Selected for research Giauque, D. R. (2014). Antecedents of job satisfaction, organizational commitment and stress in a public hospital: a P-E Fit Perspective. . Public Organization Review, 14(2), 201-228. doi:10.1007/s11115-012-0215-6. Summary of my FirstRead MoreWhy Scrap Is Costly?1276 Words   |  6 Pagescost if the material can be recycled, but the overall return is not equal to the cost. Other than the cost to the company for material that cannot be used as a finished saleable product customers are demanding cost savings as part of the contract negotiations. Using quantitative tools to determine the areas of concern and assist to understand where improvements can be made to stop the waste, the proposed research will provide the answers required to assist the company with cost control and help

Essay on Authority and American Usage, by David Foster Wallace Example For Students

Essay on Authority and American Usage, by David Foster Wallace David Foster Wallace, author of the essay â€Å"Authority and American Usage*,† praises and advocates for â€Å"good† writers who have a strong rhetorical ability, which he defines as â€Å"the persuasive use of language to influence the thoughts and actions of an audience† (Wallace 628). To have a strong rhetorical ability, an author needs to be aware of whom their audience is, in order to present their information in a way that will be influential on their audience. Wallace recognizes that an author who applies a strong rhetorical ability will be able to connect with the audience so that they respond â€Å"not just to utterance but also to † (Wallace 641). An author needs to take into consideration not just content, syntax and grammatical structure (their â€Å"utterance†) but also how their character will be perceived by their audience. A positive tone will make the author seem more pleasant and relatable, whereas a negative tone connotes arroga nce and pretentiousness. That is why it is crucial for an author to recognize that an audience will respond to â€Å"them† and not just their â€Å"utterance,† as an author’s appearance to their readers can also shape how impactful their writing is. The impact and effectiveness of using proper rhetoric was a strategy of â€Å"good† writing that I was not aware of until my senior year of high school. While taking AP Language and Composition my junior year, my fellow students and I believed that we had survived countless essay workshop activities and writing assignments with emphasis on word choices, grammatical structure, syntax, punctuation and spelling. By the time we had entered AP Literature our senior year, we felt we could achieve success; we already knew how to write in the correct format and structure- we just had to master analyzing literature. It was only natural that I was taken by surprise when I received my first graded essay back. There, glaring up at me in bold, red ink against the crisp white paper was a C- . Comparing my grades to those of my classmates, it was revealed that they too had received these grades. What had we done wrong? Our teacher, Mrs. Hetrick, provided the answer to our question: â€Å"These essays could have easily been generated by a computer program. They tell me nothing about yourselves; why in the world you are telling me all of this? You need to make me care about the message you are conveying, otherwise, your writing is useless.† She then told us that while we were all communicating in the proper format, we had failed to take into consideration whom our audience was. In order to truly persuade and influence our audience, we had to do more than place complicated ideas into a grammatically immaculate sentences; we need to show the audience why they should care about our writing; otherwise, they will just lose interest. I realize now that this experience provided a stable foundation for what I consider to be an example of passionate rhetorical ability, which helps me reflect on what authors Wallace deems as â€Å"good† through their rhetorical strategies. Wallace distinguishes the â€Å"Democratic Spirit† in the writing of Bryan A. Garner, author of A Dictionary of Modern American Usage (ADMAU). Wallace identifies a â€Å"Democratic Sprit,† as one that â€Å"combines rigor and humility, i.e, passionate conviction plus a sedulous respect for the convictions of others† (Wallace 625). Wallace implies that since a Democratic Spirit contains â€Å"rigor,† the author will focus on the precision, quality, and accuracy of the writing (Wallace 625). At the same time, an author that possesses â€Å"humility† will dispose an impression of conceitedness, presenting the reader with a reflection of their personality (Wallace 625). They must also convince the readers that they are writing with a purpose or it will fail to create a lasting impression, thus the need â€Å"passionate conviction† (Wallace 625). At the same time, an author needs to recognize that they cannot shove their beliefs onto their readers who may not share their opinions, illustrating a â€Å"sedulous respect for the conviction of others† (Wallace 625). Consider The Lobster By David Foster Wallace*INTERPOLIATION: EXAMPLE OF A NON-STANDARD DIALECT THAT THIS AUTHOR ACTUALLY KNOWS ABOUT FIRSTHAND. I happen to be fluent in two English dialects- the Standard American English that I use in regular situations throughout my daily life and People-Who-Justify-Spending-Four-Dollars-on-a-Cup-of-Coffee English that I switch to using while working at Starbucks. Part of my training as a barista was learning an intricate system of abbreviations, terminology, and phrases in order to make sure each drink is made consistently due to the amount of modifications that can be made to each original beverage recipe. This dialect only makes sense to my co-workers and regulars to any Starbucks location. A person ordering a drink for the first time at Starbucks would possibly state it in the following manner: â€Å"Can I please get a medium latte with an extra shot, two of which need to be decaf, vanilla flavoring but only half of the amount that you usually put in, skim milk, no foam and stirred? † Because this person ordered their latte in Standard American English, it took my brain a few sec onds to read it back to the customer as a â€Å"2/3 Decaf Triple Grande 2 Pump Vanilla Nonfat No Foam Stirred Latte. † Whether a person walks into Starbucks and orders a â€Å"Grande Pike Place Roast† or a â€Å"Medium coffee,† I’m still going to hand them a cup of black coffee. This is similar to how a person can talk in Standard Written English or a dialect of American English and still be understood efficiently. However, why then is it that Wallace deems it significant to enlist his students in a â€Å"three-week Emergency Remedial Usage and Grammar Unit,† where he proceeds to tear the unsatisfactory syntax and grammatical structure of his students’ essays back to the basics of English composition (Wallace 624)? This radical action demonstrated by Wallace is caused by his recognition of what and whom Standard Written English (SWE) represents. Wallace states that: â€Å"Traditional English is conceived and perpetuated by Privileged WASP Males and is thus inherently capitalist, sexist, racist, xenophobic, homophobic, elitist: unfair† (Wallace 626). By stating that SWE is controlled by â€Å"Privileged WASP Males,† Wallace is indicating that only individuals who could afford or were deemed â€Å"worthy† enough had access to higher levels of education: race, ethnicity and religion have determined factors in a person’s accessibility to higher education. Privileged WASP Males have therefore become the spitting image of the socio-economic elite, due to the availability of education and their accomplished usage of SWE. Privileged WASP Males are prejudiced towards those who are not like them and utterly â€Å"unfair† in whom they chose to associate with. These old, xenophobic white men don’t want just anyone off the street joining them for intellectual discussions over Sunday tea . This is why Wallace advocates for students in high school and college to learn SWE; if students are able to present themselves in a more erudite and intellectual manner by using SWE, it can provide them with more opportunities to ascend the â€Å"social ladder† as they will have a stronger foundation for academic and professional success. Using SWE will not guarantee that a student will become a doctor or a lawyer, however, they will have the opportunity to expand their education and achieve that ranking if they wish. Works Cited Wallace, David Foster Authority and American Usage 2005. Ways of Reading: An Anthology for Writers. Ed. David Bartholomae and Anthony Petrosky. 9th Edition. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2011. 622-47. Print.

Business Portfolio Management Business Trends

Question: Describe about the Business Portfolio Management for Business Trends. Answer: 1.i) Determinants of expected return of Portfolio: The expected returns from a portfolio tends to be determined by the beta factors contributed by each set of investment. The primary determinants in regards to portfolio returns tends to be degree of active asset allocation, the degree of efficiency, the degree of co efficiency pertaining to factor models, risk positioning both in terms of external and internal (Gharghori, Lee Veeraraghavan, 2009). The active allocation with regards to non cash assets onto cash equivalents at the allocation levels, the degree of holding prime and subprime instruments into the portfolio elucidates high degree of influence upon the stock prices. 1.ii) Distinction between selection and allocation in Portfolio Management: Hu (2016) stated the fact that the major portion of variance arising from portfolio returns tends to be determined by the degree of efficiency derived in the asset allocation decisions. Moreover, Beringer, Jonas Kock, (2013) advocated that the policy decision tends to determine the variance pertaining to asset allocation. However, security selection differs in the aspect that random variation that tends to occur in regards to individual securities results towards higher degree of return variation as compared to that of assets allocation in between cash and cash equivalents such as bonds. Further, Klingebiel Rammer (2014) mentions that the dispersion pertaining to average performance that results from security selection tends to be of greater quantum than that of assets allocation. B1) Comparison between weak form, semi-strong form and strong form of market: The weak form of market hypothesis tends to showcase a level of market efficiency whereby considerable degree of information pertaining to the expected stock price are unable to be forecasted based upon the historical fluctuations in that particular stock value. On the other hand, the semi-strong market suggests that efficiency in terms of predictability and forecasting is not dependant upon the past financial data. This is owing to the assumption that the effect of historical events pertaining to the stock has been reflected in the past stock prices (Jarrow Larsson, 2012). On the other hand strong form of market showcases a circumstance whereby the information asymmetry cannot have any degree of advantage as the market already tends to showcase the influence of past events. Weak form of markets showcases a market situation where the stock prices have been dependant on past data thereby providing scope for financial manipulation through use of insider trading (Yalcin, 2016). Whereas, semi strong markets are those that are prevents additional returns by investors that are using published information pertaining to the stock in order to aggravate the degree of returns. However, on the other hand any form of information whether published or unpublished, does not facilitate any form of gains in a strong market form, thereby the risks pertaining to insider trading and information asymmetry is negligible. B2) a) Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM): The CAPM suggests that the expected return pertaining to an asset that falls above risk-free rate is proportional to risks that are non-diversifiable in nature (Jensen Ruback, 1983). The model stands on several inexplicit assumption primary among them being i) absence of transaction costs and corporate taxes followed by unconstrained quantum of risk free rate credit facilities; ii) investors selecting portfolios with satisfactory degree of mean variance with single period horizon: iii) subjective expectations remains constant amongst the investors in terms of mean, variances and covariance regarding returns. Moreover, the quantum of non diversifiable risks are The subsequent research post the development of CAPM model suggests that the model fails towards explaining the size effect, book to market effect, leverage and illiquidity effects (Da, Guo Jagannathan, 2012). Moreover, the anomalies arising from such effects are not explainable using the CAPM owing to its inherent nature. Fu rther, CAPM fails substantially towards elucidating observed risk premium owing to the fact that empirical covariance tends to be ascertained using data from incomplete asset markets (Barberis, Greenwood, Jin Shleifer, 2015) . b) Arbitrage Price Theory: This price theory postulates that the expected returns are related to loading of macro-economic factors or market betas in circumstances where there are no arbitrage opportunities facilitated by equilibrium prices. The theory is developed on the premise of markets that tends to be frictionless and are primarily perfectly competitive (Franks Mayer, 1996). The theory advocates that the relationship in the context of linear pricing is a primary condition to achieve equilibrium in markets where utility maximization persists amongst agents (Gharghori, Lee Veeraraghavan, 2009). The theory intended towards mitigating the shortcomings pertaining to CAPM, particularly through improving the computational framework for estimation of expected quantum of returns empirically. However, Dempsey (2013) states that in terms of computations pertaining to expected returns, data that are in fact historical in nature tends to create risks from adverse forecasting. B3.a Patterns/ effects on the equity returns: According to Gharghori, Lee Veeraraghavan (2009), the effects of the stock market have been investigated by taking into account the size effect, book-to-market effect, earnings-to-price effect, leverage effect, liquidity effect and cash flow-to-price effect. In addition, the ability of the Fama-French model has been critically evaluated to demonstrate the observed influences. As per the view of the researchers, the anomalies do not depict the evidence of the market efficiency; however, it could suggest the misspecification of the asset pricing model. The proponents of the Fama-French model have argued that CAPM model does not possess all the specifications, which could be overcome with the help of the two additional factors of the Fama-French model. The researchers have evaluated this research has first happened on the US equity market, in which it has proved to be effective in contrast to the CAPM approach. The effects of the Fama-French factor are, however, different in the case of the Australian equity market. According to the R2 square value, as found in the regression analysis, the amount of mispricing is significant, since the value varies from 50% - 60%. The reason for such effect is that the Australian market is relatively smaller with smaller stocks. In addition, the researcher has taken a large sample size, which makes it infeasible for the Fama-French factor to test large number of the Australian portfolios. In this research, the researchers have selected smaller number of portfolios, in which the documentation of the size, B/M and E/P effect has been evaluated. The Australian firms have reported declining earnings cash inflows. However, the Fama-French model does not describe all effects due to consistent mispricing. Thus, it is not feasible in Australia. 3.b Effects observed in the Australian market: The researchers have collected data related to price for the period 1992-2005 and data related to accounting for 1992-2004. The price data is comprised of the stock returns, market capitalisation, return on index and outstanding shares. The accounting data is composed of the intangibles and liabilities, operating cash inflows and net income. The smaller firms are chosen in the portfolio, as the previous researches have failed to examine the effects of the model due to inclusion of large Australia firms. Gharghori, Lee Veeraraghavan (2009) have observed that the Australian firms having high fundamentals of accounting in relation to price are highly valued. On the contrary, the Australian organisations having low fundamentals of accounting in relation to price do not possess much value. In addition, the researchers have also stated that in case of positive cash inflows, the big C/P and E/P stocks need to outperform the small E/P and C/P stocks. This implies that returns are higher in contrast to growth. This research has been highly valuable, as the impact of both C//P and E/P has been depicted for the firms reporting negative earnings and cash inflows. However, the effects of liquidity or leverage could not be adjudged with the help of the Fama-French model. In addition the Fama-French model used on small number of portfolios with the help of regression analysis. The tests related to asset impairment depict that the Fama-French model does not possess the ability to describe the returns on the selected portfolios. Thus, this model could not be deemed as the most effective measure in analysing the effects of equity returns on the Australian firms. According to Brailsford, Gaunt O'Brien (2012), there are several factors, which need to be considered to describe the variations in equity returns despite systematic risks. This research has taken into account 98% of the ASX listed Australian organisations for a period of 25 years. The time-series framework and cross-sectional framework have been used in the article to evaluate the data in an effective manner. The data selected for this research include accounting information required for book value computation and the information associated with prices, dividends, market capitalisation and changes in capitalisation. The first data source is not available from the Australian firms. The other data are accumulated from the annual reports of the firms for the years 1982 2006. After the evaluation of data, the researchers have concluded that the impact of book-to-market is significant or the Australian organisations. In addition, the difference in returns is insignificant for larger po rtfolios. Lastly, it has been found that all pricing factors are significant and the exposures are positive for premiums. In the words of Chiah, Chai Zhong (2015), the Five-Factor Fama-French model considers the entire market and the influential dynamics associated with the firm size, profitability, book-to-market and investments. This model has the potential to outperform the three-factor Fama-French model to dissect the influence of the equity returns on the Australian organisations. In this research, relatively larger sample size is chosen from the Australian equity market for the year 1982 2013. The prior research has been conducted for a period of 12 years. The motive of the researchers is to examine the performance of the Australian equities in terms of pricing with the help of the five-factor model. The regression analysis and Anova testing have been made to analyse the influence of the market and pricing anomalies on the selected equities. In addition, it has also been found that the book-to-market factor remains with the explanatory power based on the profitability and investment factors. As per the view of Shi et al., (2013), the technology-based asset pricing model has higher relevance in contrast to the Fama-French three-factor model. The purpose of this research is to investigate an association between the above-mentioned mode and stock returns in the Australian market. The methods of checks related to robustness and two-step GMM and Cochranes regression have been used in the study to evaluate the data accumulated from 25 portfolios. It has been found that the factor associated with technology helps in asset related to price by enhancing the description of the cross-sectional deviation of share returns. This is because this model takes into account the systematic risk arising out of technology with diversifying sensitivity to explain the stock returns. The researchers have inferred that the technology model has significant influence on the Australian equities. C.1.a Motives behind mergers and takeovers: Ahern (2011) suggests that substantial quantum of mergers and takeover, over a quarter of all mergers, tends to provide greater financial gains as compared to their targets. Thereby, the acquirers are induced by the coupling of improvement of returns in longer term with the immediate gains post mergers. Li (2013) advocated that takeovers tends to reduce the quantum of capital expenditure, employment incentives along with the labor rates and while keeping the output levels at par with that of pre-acquisition period. Further, the authors also suggested that the offer premium pertaining to acquisition is reflective of the size of the target and not upon the productivity. Thereby in an takeover, the acquirer tends to focus largely upon retaining the same degree of productivity at lower costs leading to an overall improvement in revenue generating ability. Morellec Zhdanov (2005) states the fact that the mergers are primarily undertaken in order to facilitate financial synergies resultin g towards a streamlined sets of knowledge transfers along with the synthesizing different levels of operations in order to improve the productivity. Yalcin (2016) mentions the fact that the mergers and takeover are intended in instances where the acquirer entity faces shortcomings in terms of fulfilling the degree of operational efficiency that can achieved through present degree of managerial skills that the acquirer company possesses. Moreover, another motive pertaining to mergers and takeovers comes from the premise of asymmetric information pertaining to the valuation of target company. For instance, the actual value of the company in terms of potentiality may have been better gauged by the acquirer company than by the rest of the market. C 1.b: Whether Takeovers Increase Target Value or the Bidder Firm Along with Combining Market Value Abstract The essay will consider the journals namely The market for corporate control and Director Networks and Takeovers and evaluate whether takeovers of the companies enhance target value or the bidder organization as well as combining the market value. The evaluation of the journal revealed the fact that effectively connected organizations are highly active bidders. This is for the reason when a bidder along with a target has more than one director in common, the takeover transactions profitability will be effectively completed arguments and the negotiation period is shorter. It was clarified from the journal that companies with more than one common directors have increased merging probability and the companies with increased centrality measures appears to be highly active acquirers. Introduction A corporate takeover can be deemed to have a significant impact on an organizations growth prospects and prolonged outlook (Wang, 2015). When a buyer takes over any target organization, it might use shares of the companys stocks to finance the deal along with employing debt or cash. The gains generated by the business takeovers do not seem to generate from the market power development. Along with exceptions of actions, those do not consider potential bidders; it is complex to reveal managerial actions linked with business control that has adverse impact on shareholders. The objective of the essay is to consider the journals namely The market for corporate control and Director Networks and Takeovers and evaluate whether takeovers of the companies enhance target value or the bidder organization as well as combining the market value. The Market for Corporate Control Evaluation of journal The Market for Corporate Control revealed that several controversial concerns related with the corporate control market has not been settled and several issues were needed to be considered in the study. It is evident from the journal that it is not likely that any transactions set have been studied in details that seems to depict business takeovers produce positive gains that the shareholders of the target organization benefit and that the shareholders of the bidding organizations does not loose (Jensen Ruback, 1983). The values generated from the business takeovers do not seem too appear firm the market power generation. Additionally, it is complex to discover managerial conducts linked with business control that adversely affect stockholders. The journal also made it clear that the exceptions appear to be such actions that decrease a real or potential bidder, for instance, by the implementation of targeted huge block repurchases or agreements those retain sta ndstill (Auerbach, 2013). The evidence gathered from the journal indicated that targets of the successful tender decisions and mergers gather considerably positive abnormal gains on offer announcements and by the failure realization (Palia, 2016). Moreover, such targets of unsuccessful tender decisions those do not gain further offers within next two years lose all the gains from prior announcements and such targets that do not gain fresh offers obtain further higher returns. At last, targets related with the successful mergers seem to lose all the sensitive gains earned within the period of offer announcement at the time the offer failure becomes known. Moreover, the journal revealed that the gains generated by the business takeovers do not come from the generation of power of market (Macias Pirinsky, 2015). It was also revealed that it is complex to reveal managerial actions linked to business control that impact stockholders, the exceptions are the actions those decreases a potential or real bidder. The journal clarified that the imposition of regulations on security that governs takeovers seems to decrease the takeovers profitability. The impact of such changes in tender provides regulations on the irregular returns to the bidding as well as target companies. It was gathered that through increasing the cost of transaction and imposing takeover restrictions, such regulations might simply truncate the takeover distribution that might actually take place. Such truncation is not that profitable takeovers that might decrease returns to companys shareholders that does not turn out to be targets and have less impact on returns to those that turn out to be targets. However, this might enhance the measured average abnormal gains for targets of finished takeovers. Director Networks and Takeovers From the analysis of the journal Director Networks and Takeovers it is gathered that the journal focused on analyzing the associations of the bidder and target companies impact on several aspects of mergers and acquisitions within UK (Renneboog Zhao, 2014). Within the network context, the journal revealed that the takeover frequency, process of merger and acquisition that includes the negotiation and success in contrast to failure at the negotiation process end, payment means including all-cash and all-equity along with mixed offers and the retention or directors attraction towards the target company on board of merged organization. Moreover, whether there is any difference in aspect of abnormal returns before the announcement of connected as well as non-connected MA (Goergen Renneboog, 2014). The evaluation of the journal revealed the fact that effectively connected organizations are highly active bidders. This is for the reason when a bidder along with a target has more than one director in common, the takeover transactions profitability will be effectively completed arguments and the negotiation period is shorter. Moreover, targets those are connected in a frequent way accept offers that include equity (Berezinets, et al., 2016). The target companys directors have increased occasion to be invited in the board of merged company within connected merger and acquisition. At the time connections have a huge impact on takeover process and strategy, the journal did not offer much evidence regarding whether market acknowledges connections among targets and bidders as the return announcements does not remain statistically distinct from these targets and bidders. It was clarified from the journal that companies with more than one common directors have increased merging probability and the companies with increased centrality measures appears to be highly active acquirers (Wang, 2015). Moreover, negations taking place between connected organizations are shorter and are completed successfully and bidders those connected frequently make offers in equity. Conclusion The objective of the essay was to consider the journals namely The market for corporate control and Director Networks and Takeovers and evaluate whether takeovers of the companies enhance target value or the bidder organization as well as combining the market value. 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